clone, clone2 – linux man page
August 27th, 2009
| Tags: capabilities, clone, clone2, fork, futex, getpid, gettid, pthreads, tkill, unshare
clone, clone2 – create a child process
USAGE
#include <sched.h>
int clone(int (*fn)(void *arg), void *child_stack, int flags, void *arg);
_syscall2(int, clone, int, flags, void *, child_stack)
_syscall5(int, clone, int, flags, void *, child_stack,
int *, parent_tidptr, struct user_desc *, newtls,
int *, child_tidptr)
/* Using syscall(2) may be preferable; see intro(2) */
int __clone2(int (*fn)(void *arg), void *child_stack,
size_t stack_size, int flags, void *arg);
_syscall2(int, clone2, int, flags, void *, child_stack,
int, child_stack_size, int *, parent_tidptr,
struct user_desc *, newtls, int *, child_tidptr)
DESCRIPTION
clone() system call can be use on all architectures except IA-64. On
IA-64 there is available command __clone2(). Both commands has the
similar behavior - they creates a new process, in a manner similar to
fork(2). clone() is a library function layered on top of the underly-
ing clone() system call, hereinafter referred to as sys_clone.
__clone2() is exported from sys_clone2 system call.
Unlike fork(2), these calls allow the child process to share parts of
its execution context with the calling process, such as the memory
space, the table of file descriptors, and the table of signal handlers.
(Note that on this manual page, "calling process" normally corresponds
to "parent process". But see the description of CLONE_PARENT below.)
The main use of clone() is to implement threads: multiple threads of
control in a program that run concurrently in a shared memory space.
The behavior of __clone2() is the same as the behavior of clone() The
difference is __clone2() has one extra argument stack_size which is
used to determine the size of child stack. Other variables has the same
meaning.
When the child process is created with clone(), it executes the func-
tion application fn(arg). (This differs from fork(2), where execution
continues in the child from the point of the fork(2) call.) The fn
argument is a pointer to a function that is called by the child process
at the beginning of its execution. The arg argument is passed to the
fn function.
When the fn(arg) function application returns, the child process termi-
nates. The integer returned by fn is the exit code for the child pro-
cess. The child process may also terminate explicitly by calling
exit(2) or after receiving a fatal signal.
The child_stack argument specifies the location of the stack used by
the child process. Since the child and calling process may share mem-
ory, it is not possible for the child process to execute in the same
stack as the calling process. The calling process must therefore set
up memory space for the child stack and pass a pointer to this space to
clone(). Stacks grow downwards on all processors that run Linux
(except the HP PA processors), so child_stack usually points to the
topmost address of the memory space set up for the child stack.
The low byte of flags contains the number of the termination signal
sent to the parent when the child dies. If this signal is specified as
anything other than SIGCHLD, then the parent process must specify the
__WALL or __WCLONE options when waiting for the child with wait(2). If
no signal is specified, then the parent process is not signaled when
the child terminates.
flags may also be bitwise-or’ed with zero or more of the following con-
stants, in order to specify what is shared between the calling process
and the child process:
CLONE_PARENT (since Linux 2.3.12)
If CLONE_PARENT is set, then the parent of the new child (as
returned by getppid(2)) will be the same as that of the calling
process.
If CLONE_PARENT is not set, then (as with fork(2)) the child’s
parent is the calling process.
Note that it is the parent process, as returned by getppid(2),
which is signaled when the child terminates, so that if
CLONE_PARENT is set, then the parent of the calling process,
rather than the calling process itself, will be signaled.
CLONE_FS
If CLONE_FS is set, the caller and the child processes share the
same file system information. This includes the root of the
file system, the current working directory, and the umask. Any
call to chroot(2), chdir(2), or umask(2) performed by the call-
ing process or the child process also affects the other process.
If CLONE_FS is not set, the child process works on a copy of the
file system information of the calling process at the time of
the clone() call. Calls to chroot(2), chdir(2), umask(2) per-
formed later by one of the processes do not affect the other
process.
CLONE_FILES
If CLONE_FILES is set, the calling process and the child pro-
cesses share the same file descriptor table. Any file descrip-
tor created by the calling process or by the child process is
also valid in the other process. Similarly, if one of the pro-
cesses closes a file descriptor, or changes its associated flags
(using the fcntl(2) F_SETFD operation), the other process is
also affected.
If CLONE_FILES is not set, the child process inherits a copy of
all file descriptors opened in the calling process at the time
of clone(). (The duplicated file descriptors in the child refer
to the same open file descriptions (see open(2)) as the corre-
sponding file descriptors in the calling process.) Subsequent
operations that open or close file descriptors, or change file
descriptor flags, performed by either the calling process or the
child process do not affect the other process.
CLONE_NEWNS (since Linux 2.4.19)
Start the child in a new namespace.
Every process lives in a namespace. The namespace of a process
is the data (the set of mounts) describing the file hierarchy as
seen by that process. After a fork(2) or clone(2) where the
CLONE_NEWNS flag is not set, the child lives in the same names-
pace as the parent. The system calls mount(2) and umount(2)
change the namespace of the calling process, and hence affect
all processes that live in the same namespace, but do not affect
processes in a different namespace.
After a clone(2) where the CLONE_NEWNS flag is set, the cloned
child is started in a new namespace, initialized with a copy of
the namespace of the parent.
Only a privileged process (one having the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capabil-
ity) may specify the CLONE_NEWNS flag. It is not permitted to
specify both CLONE_NEWNS and CLONE_FS in the same clone() call.
CLONE_SIGHAND
If CLONE_SIGHAND is set, the calling process and the child pro-
cesses share the same table of signal handlers. If the calling
process or child process calls sigaction(2) to change the behav-
ior associated with a signal, the behavior is changed in the
other process as well. However, the calling process and child
processes still have distinct signal masks and sets of pending
signals. So, one of them may block or unblock some signals
using sigprocmask(2) without affecting the other process.
If CLONE_SIGHAND is not set, the child process inherits a copy
of the signal handlers of the calling process at the time
clone() is called. Calls to sigaction(2) performed later by one
of the processes have no effect on the other process.
Since Linux 2.6.0-test6, flags must also include CLONE_VM if
CLONE_SIGHAND is specified
CLONE_PTRACE
If CLONE_PTRACE is specified, and the calling process is being
traced, then trace the child also (see ptrace(2)).
CLONE_UNTRACED (since Linux 2.5.46)
If CLONE_UNTRACED is specified, then a tracing process cannot
force CLONE_PTRACE on this child process.
CLONE_STOPPED (since Linux 2.6.0-test2)
If CLONE_STOPPED is set, then the child is initially stopped (as
though it was sent a SIGSTOP signal), and must be resumed by
sending it a SIGCONT signal.
CLONE_VFORK
If CLONE_VFORK is set, the execution of the calling process is
suspended until the child releases its virtual memory resources
via a call to execve(2) or _exit(2) (as with vfork(2)).
If CLONE_VFORK is not set then both the calling process and the
child are schedulable after the call, and an application should
not rely on execution occurring in any particular order.
CLONE_VM
If CLONE_VM is set, the calling process and the child processes
run in the same memory space. In particular, memory writes per-
formed by the calling process or by the child process are also
visible in the other process. Moreover, any memory mapping or
unmapping performed with mmap(2) or munmap(2) by the child or
calling process also affects the other process.
If CLONE_VM is not set, the child process runs in a separate
copy of the memory space of the calling process at the time of
clone(). Memory writes or file mappings/unmappings performed by
one of the processes do not affect the other, as with fork(2).
CLONE_PID (obsolete)
If CLONE_PID is set, the child process is created with the same
process ID as the calling process. This is good for hacking the
system, but otherwise of not much use. Since 2.3.21 this flag
can be specified only by the system boot process (PID 0). It
disappeared in Linux 2.5.16.
CLONE_THREAD (since Linux 2.4.0-test8)
If CLONE_THREAD is set, the child is placed in the same thread
group as the calling process. To make the remainder of the dis-
cussion of CLONE_THREAD more readable, the term "thread" is used
to refer to the processes within a thread group.
Thread groups were a feature added in Linux 2.4 to support the
POSIX threads notion of a set of threads that share a single
PID. Internally, this shared PID is the so-called thread group
identifier (TGID) for the thread group. Since Linux 2.4, calls
to getpid(2) return the TGID of the caller.
The threads within a group can be distinguished by their (sys-
tem-wide) unique thread IDs (TID). A new thread’s TID is avail-
able as the function result returned to the caller of clone(),
and a thread can obtain its own TID using gettid(2).
When a call is made to clone() without specifying CLONE_THREAD,
then the resulting thread is placed in a new thread group whose
TGID is the same as the thread’s TID. This thread is the leader
of the new thread group.
A new thread created with CLONE_THREAD has the same parent pro-
cess as the caller of clone() (i.e., like CLONE_PARENT), so that
calls to getppid(2) return the same value for all of the threads
in a thread group. When a CLONE_THREAD thread terminates, the
thread that created it using clone() is not sent a SIGCHLD (or
other termination) signal; nor can the status of such a thread
be obtained using wait(2). (The thread is said to be detached.)
After all of the threads in a thread group terminate the parent
process of the thread group is sent a SIGCHLD (or other termina-
tion) signal.
If any of the threads in a thread group performs an execve(2),
then all threads other than the thread group leader are termi-
nated, and the new program is executed in the thread group
leader.
If one of the threads in a thread group creates a child using
fork(2), then any thread in the group can wait(2) for that
child.
Since Linux 2.5.35, flags must also include CLONE_SIGHAND if
CLONE_THREAD is specified.
Signals may be sent to a thread group as a whole (i.e., a TGID)
using kill(2), or to a specific thread (i.e., TID) using
tgkill(2).
Signal dispositions and actions are process-wide: if an unhan-
dled signal is delivered to a thread, then it will affect (ter-
minate, stop, continue, be ignored in) all members of the thread
group.
Each thread has its own signal mask, as set by sigprocmask(2),
but signals can be pending either: for the whole process (i.e.,
deliverable to any member of the thread group), when sent with
kill(2); or for an individual thread, when sent with tgkill(2).
A call to sigpending(2) returns a signal set that is the union
of the signals pending for the whole process and the signals
that are pending for the calling thread.
If kill(2) is used to send a signal to a thread group, and the
thread group has installed a handler for the signal, then the
handler will be invoked in exactly one, arbitrarily selected
member of the thread group that has not blocked the signal. If
multiple threads in a group are waiting to accept the same sig-
nal using sigwaitinfo(2), the kernel will arbitrarily select one
of these threads to receive a signal sent using kill(2).
CLONE_SYSVSEM (since Linux 2.5.10)
If CLONE_SYSVSEM is set, then the child and the calling process
share a single list of System V semaphore undo values (see
semop(2)). If this flag is not set, then the child has a sepa-
rate undo list, which is initially empty.
CLONE_SETTLS (since Linux 2.5.32)
The newtls parameter is the new TLS (Thread Local Storage)
descriptor. (See set_thread_area(2).)
CLONE_PARENT_SETTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
Store child thread ID at location parent_tidptr in parent and
child memory. (In Linux 2.5.32-2.5.48 there was a flag
CLONE_SETTID that did this.)
CLONE_CHILD_SETTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
Store child thread ID at location child_tidptr in child memory.
CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
Erase child thread ID at location child_tidptr in child memory
when the child exits, and do a wakeup on the futex at that
address. The address involved may be changed by the
set_tid_address(2) system call. This is used by threading
libraries.
sys_clone
The sys_clone system call corresponds more closely to fork(2) in that
execution in the child continues from the point of the call. Thus,
sys_clone only requires the flags and child_stack arguments, which have
the same meaning as for clone(). (Note that the order of these argu-
ments differs from clone().)
Another difference for sys_clone is that the child_stack argument may
be zero, in which case copy-on-write semantics ensure that the child
gets separate copies of stack pages when either process modifies the
stack. In this case, for correct operation, the CLONE_VM option should
not be specified.
Since Linux 2.5.49 the system call has five parameters. The two new
parameters are parent_tidptr which points to the location (in parent
and child memory) where the child thread ID will be written in case
CLONE_PARENT_SETTID was specified, and child_tidptr which points to the
location (in child memory) where the child thread ID will be written in
case CLONE_CHILD_SETTID was specified.
RETURN VALUE
On success, the thread ID of the child process is returned in the
caller’s thread of execution. On failure, a -1 will be returned in the
caller’s context, no child process will be created, and errno will be
set appropriately.
ERRORS
EAGAIN Too many processes are already running.
EINVAL CLONE_SIGHAND was specified, but CLONE_VM was not. (Since Linux
2.6.0-test6.)
EINVAL CLONE_THREAD was specified, but CLONE_SIGHAND was not. (Since
Linux 2.5.35.)
EINVAL Both CLONE_FS and CLONE_NEWNS were specified in flags.
EINVAL Returned by clone() when a zero value is specified for
child_stack.
ENOMEM Cannot allocate sufficient memory to allocate a task structure
for the child, or to copy those parts of the caller’s context
that need to be copied.
EPERM CLONE_NEWNS was specified by a non-root process (process without
CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
EPERM CLONE_PID was specified by a process other than process 0.
AVAILABILITY
There is no entry for clone() in libc5. glibc2 provides clone() as
described in this manual page.
NOTES
In the kernel 2.4.x series, CLONE_THREAD generally does not make the
parent of the new thread the same as the parent of the calling process.
However, for kernel versions 2.4.7 to 2.4.18 the CLONE_THREAD flag
implied the CLONE_PARENT flag (as in kernel 2.6).
On x86, clone() should not be called through vsyscall, but directly
through int $0x80.
CONFORMING TO
The clone() and sys_clone calls are Linux-specific and should not be
used in programs intended to be portable.
BUGS
Versions of the GNU C library that include the NPTL threading library
contain a wrapper function for getpid() that performs caching of PIDs.
In programs linked against such libraries, calls to getpid() may return
the same value, even when the threads were not created using
CLONE_THREAD (and thus are not in the same thread group). To get the
truth, it may be necessary to use code such as the following
#include
pid_t mypid;
mypid = syscall(SYS_getpid);
SEE ALSO
fork(2), futex(2), getpid(2), gettid(2),
tkill(2), unshare(2), wait(2), capabilities(7),
pthreads(7)
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